#include <algorithm>  
#include <vector>   
#include <map>
#include <string>

std::map<int, std::string> t;
  t.insert(std::make_pair(1, "a"));
  t.insert(std::make_pair(2, "b"));
  t.insert(std::make_pair(3, "c"));
  t.insert(std::make_pair(4, "d"));

std::string s = "";
  auto it = t.find(2);
  if (it != t.end())
  {
    s = (*it).second;
  }

std::string s = "c";
  auto find_item = std::find_if(t.begin(), t.end(),
    [s](const std::map<int, std::string>::value_type item)
  {
    return item.second == s;
  });

  int n = 0;
  if (find_item!= t.end())
  {
    n = (*find_item).first;
  }

class finder
{
public:
  finder(const std::string &cmp_string) :s_(cmp_string){}
  bool operator ()(const std::map<int, std::string>::value_type &item)
  {
    return item.second == s_;
  }
private:
  const std::string &s_;
};


//調(diào)用
int n = 0;
auto it = std::find_if(t.begin(), t.end(), finder("d"));
  if (it != t.end())
  {
    n = (*it).first;
  }